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API 5L X60 is a commonly used steel grade for line pipe manufacture. Its usage is prevalent in the petroleum and oil & gas industries, as these industries require transport pipes to convey petroleum and natural gases from their respective production facilities to suppliers. API 5L X60 line pipe is a high-strength, high-yield pipe that is produced to a set of international standards. API 5L X60 pipelines are also available in PSL-1, PSL-2, onshore/offshore, and sour service configurations.
The American Petroleum Institute, or API, is the largest trade association for the oil and gas industry. Every year, they publish hundreds of standards that govern everything from the quality of petroleum products to the safety of offshore drilling rigs. One of their most important standards is API 5L, which covers line pipes used in pipelines for transporting oil, natural gas, and water. The API 5L specification includes strict requirements for material composition, diameter, wall thickness, and tensile strength. As a result, API 5L line pipes are some of the strongest and most durable pipes on the market. They are also highly resistant to corrosion and can be used in a wide range of environments. Whether transporting crude oil from an offshore rig or natural gas to a power plant, API 5L line pipes are up to the task.
- Chemical Composition for API 5L X60 PSL 1 pipe with t ≤ 0.984”
| Steel Grade | Mass fraction, % based on heat and product analyses a,g | ||||||
| C | Mn | P | S | V | Nb | Ti | |
| max b | max b | max | max | max | max | max | |
| Welded Pipe | |||||||
| X60 | 0.26e | 1.40e | 0.3 | 0.3 | f | f | f |
a. Cu ≤ = 0.50% Ni; ≤ 0.50%; Cr ≤ 0.50%; and Mo ≤ 0.15%,
b. For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified maximum concentration for carbon, an increase of 0.05% above the specified maximum concentration for Mn is permissible, up to a maximum of 1.65% for grades ≥ L245 or B, but ≤ L360 or X52; up to a maximum of 1.75% for grades > L360 or X52, but < L485 or X70; and up to a maximum of 2.00% for grade L485 or X70.,
c. Unless otherwise agreed NB + V ≤ 0.06%,
d. Nb + V + TI ≤ 0.15%,
e. Unless otherwise agreed.,
f. Unless otherwise agreed, NB + V = Ti ≤ 0.15%,
g. No deliberate addition of B is permitted and the residual B ≤ 0.001%
- Chemical Composition for API 5L X60 PSL 2 Pipe with t ≤ 0.984”
| Steel Grade | Mass fraction, % based on heat and product analyses | Carbon Equiv a | |||||||||
| C | Si | Mn | P | S | V | Nb | Ti | Other | CE IIW | CE Pcm | |
| max b | max | max b | max | max | max | max | max | max | max | ||
| Welded Pipe | |||||||||||
| X60M | 0.12f | 0.45f | 1.60f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | h,l | 0.43 | 0.25 |
a. SMLS t>0.787”, CE limits shall be as agreed. The CEIIW limits applied if C > 0.12% and the CEPcm limits apply if C ≤ 0.12%,
b. For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified maximum for C, an increase of 0.05% above the specified maximum for Mn is permissible, up to a maximum of 1.65% for grades ≥ L245 or B, but ≤ L360 or X52; up to a maximum of 1.75% for grades > L360 or X52, but < L485 or X70; up to a maximum of 2.00% for grades ≥ L485 or X70, but ≤ L555 or X80, and up to a maximum of 2.20% for grades > L555 or X80.,
c. Unless otherwise agreed Nb = V ≤ 0.06%,
d. Nb = V = Ti ≤ 0.15%,
e. Unless otherwise agreed, Cu ≤ 0.50%; Ni ≤ 0.30% Cr ≤ 0.30% and Mo ≤ 0.15%,
f. Unless otherwise agreed,
g. Unless otherwise agreed, Nb + V + Ti ≤ 0.15%,
h. Unless otherwise agreed, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 0.50% Cr ≤ 0.50% and MO ≤ 0.50%,
i. Unless otherwise agreed, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.50% and MO ≤ 0.50%,
j. B ≤ 0.004%,
k. Unless otherwise agreed, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.55%, and MO ≤ 0.80%,
l. For all PSL 2 pipe grades except those grades with footnotes j noted, the following applies. Unless otherwise agreed no intentional addition of B is permitted and residual B ≤ 0.001%.
- Mechanical Properties for API 5L X60 PSL-1 Pipe
| Pipe Grade | Tensile Properties – Pipe Body of SMLS and Welded Pipes PSL 1 | Seam of Welded Pipe | ||
| Yield Strength a | Tensile Strength a | Elongation | Tensile Strength b | |
| Rt0,5 PSI Min | Rm PSI Min | (in 2in Af % min) | Rm PSI Min | |
| X60 | 60,200 | 75,400 | c | 75,400 |
| a. For intermediate grade, the difference between the specified minimum tensile strength and the specified minimum yield for the pipe body shall be as given for the next higher grade. | ||||
| b. For the intermediate grades, the specified minimum tensile strength for the weld seam shall be the same as determined for the body using footnote a. | ||||
| c. The specified minimum elongation, Af, expressed in percent and rounded to the nearest percent, shall be determined using the following equation: | ||||
|
||||
| Where C is 1 940 for calculation using Si units and 625 000 for calculation using USC units | ||||
| Axc is the applicable tensile test piece cross-sectional area, expressed in square millimeters (square inches), as follows | ||||
| – For circular cross-section test pieces, 130mm2 (0.20 in2) for 12.7 mm (0.500 in) and 8.9 mm (.350 in) diameter test pieces; and 65 mm2 (0.10 in2) for 6.4 mm (0.250in) diameter test pieces. | ||||
| – For full-section test pieces, the lesser of a) 485 mm2 (0.75 in2) and b) the cross-sectional area of the test piece, derived using the specified outside diameter and the specified wall thickness of the pipe, rounded to the nearest 10 mm2 (0.10in2) | ||||
| – For strip test pieces, the lesser of a) 485 mm2 (0.75 in2) and b) the cross-sectional area of the test piece, derived using the specified width of the test piece and the specified wall thickness of the pipe, rounded to the nearest 10 mm2 (0.10in2) | ||||
| U is the specified minimum tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (pounds per square inch) |
- Mechanical Properties for API 5L X60 PSL-2 Pipe
| Pipe Grade | Tensile Properties – Pipe Body of SMLS and Welded Pipes PSL 2 | Seam of Welded Pipe | |||||
| Yield Strength a | Tensile Strength a | Ratio a, c | Elongation | Tensile Strength d | |||
| Rt0,5 PSI Min | Rm PSI Min | R10,5IRm | (in 2in) | Rm (psi) | |||
| Af % | |||||||
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | Maximum | Minimum | Minimum | |
| X60N, X60Q, X60M | 60,200 | 81,900 | 75,400 | 110,200 | 0.93 | f | 75,400 |
| a. For intermediate grade, refer to the full API5L specification. | |||||||
| b. for grades > X90 refers to the full API5L specification. | |||||||
| c. This limit applies for pies with D> 12.750 in | |||||||
| d. For intermediate grades, the specified minimum tensile strength for the weld seam shall be the same value as was determined for the pipe body using foot a. | |||||||
| e. for pipe requiring longitudinal testing, the maximum yield strength shall be ≤ 71,800 psi | |||||||
| f. The specified minimum elongation, Af, expressed in percent and rounded to the nearest percent, shall be determined using the following equation: | |||||||
|
|
|||||||
| Where C is 1 940 for calculation using Si units and 625 000 for calculation using USC units | |||||||
| Axc is the applicable tensile test piece cross-sectional area, expressed in square millimeters (square inches), as follows | |||||||
| – For circular cross-section test pieces, 130mm2 (0.20 in2) for 12.7 mm (0.500 in) and 8.9 mm (.350 in) diameter test pieces; and 65 mm2 (0.10 in2) for 6.4 mm (0.250in) diameter test pieces. | |||||||
| – For full-section test pieces, the lesser of a) 485 mm2 (0.75 in2) and b) the cross-sectional area of the test piece, derived using the specified outside diameter and the specified wall thickness of the pipe, rounded to the nearest 10 mm2 (0.10in2) | |||||||
| – For strip test pieces, the lesser of a) 485 mm2 (0.75 in2) and b) the cross-sectional area of the test piece, derived using the specified width of the test piece and the specified wall thickness of the pipe, rounded to the nearest 10 mm2 (0.10in2) | |||||||
| U is the specified minimum tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (pounds per square inch | |||||||
| g. Lower values fo R10,5IRm may be specified by agreement | |||||||
| h. for grades > x90 refers to the full API5L specification. |
API 5L X60 line pipes come in a range of diameters, sizes, and dimensions. The diameter of the pipe generally ranges from 2 inches to 60 inches. The pipe size is based on its inside diameter (ID) and outside diameter (OD). The ID of the pipe must meet the specified standards to be compatible with the fittings that will be used. The OD of the tube must also meet certain standards for it to be correctly sized for transportation and installation. The wall thickness of each size pipe is specified in ISO 4200 and ASME B36.10M. These standards provide a guide for different size pipes and specify the wall thickness of each size. To check if a pipe meets the required standards, refer to these tables. Doing so will help to ensure that the tube is the right size and has the correct wall thickness. Purchasing an API 5L line pipe without checking the diameter, size, or dimension against the required standards could result in buying a line pipe that is incompatible with existing fittings or unable to be installed properly. Checking these standards before purchase will help avoid any issues down the line.
| O.D. Tolerance | W.T. Tolerance | ||
| X60 | |||
| D ＜ 60.3mm | +0.41/-0.40mm | D ＜ 73mm | +15%/-12.5% |
| D ≥ 60.3m | +0.75/-0.40mm | D ≥ 73mm | +15%/-12.5% |
| PSL | Delivery Condition | Steel Grade |
| PSL1 | As-rolled, normalizing rolled, thermomechanical rolled, thermo-mechanical formed, normalizing formed, normalized, normalized, and tempered | X60 |
| PSL2 | Normalizing rolled, normalizing formed, normalized or normalized, and tempered | X60N |
| Quenched and tempered | X60Q | |
| Thermomechanical rolled or thermomechanical formed | X60M |
- Hydrostatic Test
A hydrostatic test is a water-based pressure test to verify the integrity of the weld seam and pipe body. It is required by most pipeline codes, such as API 5L. The test involves filling the pipe with water and then pressurizing it to specified test pressure. The water pressure is then held for a specified duration of time to ensure there is no water leakage. After the hydrostatic test, the water is drained out from the pipe and all water traps are dried out before the next production batch can commence. Testing each production batch helps to ensure the quality of the line pipe and that it meets specification requirements.
- Bend Test
The bending test is a quality assurance test performed during the production of steel pipes. The test helps to ensure that the pipe is not susceptible to cracking or other forms of damage that could weaken its structure. The test is performed by taking a sample of the steel pipe and welding it at one end. The other end of the sample is then placed in a jig and bent to a specified angle. The sample is then inspected for cracks or other signs of damage. If no damage is found, the pipe passes the test and can be used in API 5L line pipe production.
- Flattening Test
The flattening test is a critical quality control check during the production of steel pipes. The test helps to ensure that the pipe is free of defects and can withstand the required pressure and deformation during its intended use. The test involves taking a sample of the pipe and subjecting it to a crack-propagation test. A small crack is introduced into the pipe, and then the crack is propagated both longitudinally and circumferentially. The crack is then inspected for any signs of deformation. If the crack propagation is found to be within acceptable limits, then the pipe passes the flattening test.
- CVN Impact Test
The impact test is a destructive test that is performed on an API 5L line pipe during production. The purpose of the test is to assess the resistance of the pipe material to impact forces. The test is conducted by striking a sample of the pipe material with a heavy pendulum and then measuring the amount of energy that is absorbed by the material. The results of the test are used to determine the toughness of the pipe material and the ability of the pipe to withstand impact forces. The impact test is divided into three areas: pipe body, weld sea, and heat-affected zone. In each area, the pipe material is subjected to different levels of impact energy. The results of the tests are used to assess the suitability of the pipe material for different applications.
