The ASTM A178 specification pertains to electric-resistance-welded tubes with minimum wall thickness, manufactured from carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel. These tubes are designed for use in boilers, superheaters, and heat exchangers.
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1. Material Grades Covered by ASTM A178:
Grade A
Grade C
Grade D
2. Available Dimensions of ASTM A178 Boiler Tubes:
Outer Diameter (OD): Ranges from 1/2 inch to 5 inches (12.7 mm to 127 mm)
3. Wall Thickness Range:
Thickness: From 0.035 inch to 0.360 inch (0.9 mm to 9.1 mm)
Outside Diameter and Wall Thickness Tolerance of ASTM A178 Boiler Tube
|
Outside Diameter tolerance
|
Wall thickness tolerance
|
|
OD < 50
|
±0.05mm
|
S < 4mm
|
±12.5%
|
|
OD > 50
|
±1%
|
4--20mm
|
-120
|
|
|
|
S≧20mm
|
±12.5%
|
Chemical Requirements of ASTM A178 Boiler Tube
|
Element
|
Grade A
|
Grade C
|
Grade D
|
|
%
|
Low carbon steel
|
Medium Carbon Steel
|
Manganess Steel
|
|
C
|
0.06-0.18
|
0.35 Max
|
0.27 Max
|
|
Mn
|
0.27-0.63
|
0.80 Max
|
1.00-1.50
|
|
P
|
0.035
|
0.035
|
0.03
|
|
S
|
0.035
|
0.035
|
0.015
|
|
Si
|
...
|
...
|
0.10 Min.
|
Tensile Requirements of ASTM A178 Boiler Tube
Grade C and D tubes shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties
|
Data
|
GradeC
|
GradeD
|
|
Tensilestrength,min,ksi[MPa]
|
60[415]
|
70[485]
|
|
Yieldstrength,min,ksi[MPa]
|
37[255]
|
40[275]
|
|
Elongationin2in.or50mm,min,%
|
30
|
30
|
|
For longitudinal strip tests a deduction for Each1⁄32-in[0.8mm]decreaseinwallthicknessbelow5⁄16in.[8mm]
|
1.50A
|
1.50A
|
The actual mean wall is defined as the average of the thickest and thinnest wall in that section.
Welded tubes65 %
|
Type
|
Over
|
Under
|
|
Welded Tubes
|
0.18
|
0
|
Mechanical Property of ASTM A178 Boiler Tube
Grade C & Grade D tubes shall conform to the requirements -tensile properties prescribed below:
|
Type
|
Over
|
Under
|
|
Welded Tubes
|
0.18
|
0
|
Referenced Standards for ASTM A178 Boiler Tubes
The ASTM A178 specification references several related ASTM standards to ensure product quality and performance:
ASTM A450/A450M – General requirements for carbon, ferritic alloy, and austenitic alloy steel tubes.
ASTM E213 – Standard practice for ultrasonic examination of metal pipe and tubing.
ASTM E273 – Standard practice for ultrasonic examination of longitudinally welded pipe and tubing.
Required Mechanical Tests for ASTM A178 Boiler Tubes
To verify the mechanical integrity of the tubes, the following tests are required:
Flattening Test
Flaring Test
Flange Test
Crush Test
Tension Test
Reverse Flattening Test
Hydrostatic Test or Nondestructive Electric Test
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